# TSS, Inc. > Alpha governed public record. Unknown, unavailable, and unpublished values are never inferred as zero. ## Record | Field | Value | | --- | --- | | Representation | alpha-profile-markdown-v4 | | Protocol | Alpha Governance Facts Protocol 0.1 | | Schema | alpha.governance.entity.public.v1 | | Record version | public-1:d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce:ro-d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce | | Governance record representation | alpha-governance-record-v2 | | Canonical entity | alpha:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7 | | Entity type | Company | | Canonical URL | https://registry.alpha.ac/companies/tss-inc | | Publication | PUBLISHED | | Verification | source_reported | | Verification schema | alpha-verification-states-v1 | | Ownership | unclaimed | | Published claims | 19 | | Claims under review | 1 | | Evidence records | 5 | | Conflicts | 0 | | Conflicts in internal review | 0 | | Observed | 2026-10-17T04:46:39.768585+00:00 | | Last reviewed | 2026-10-17T04:46:39.768585+00:00 | ## Identity - Legal name: TSS, Inc. - Display name: TSS, Inc. ## Alpha Governance Record | Field | Value | | --- | --- | | Governance Record schema | alpha-governance-record-v2 | | Ontology | alpha-governance-ontology-v1 | | Record version | public-1:d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce:ro-d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce | | As of | 2026-10-17T18:13:03.284571+00:00 | | Completeness | 0.409 | | Record Quality | 0.831 | | Directors | 5 | | Committees | 4 | | Governance events | 12 | | Entity class | public_company | ## Section coverage | Section | State | | --- | --- | | identity | PUBLISHED | | corporate_structure | NOT_REVIEWED | | board | PUBLISHED | | committees | PUBLISHED | | leadership | PUBLISHED | | ownership | NOT_REVIEWED | | financials | NOT_REVIEWED | | capital_structure | PUBLISHED | | compensation | NOT_REVIEWED | | governance | NOT_REVIEWED | | shareholder_governance | NOT_REVIEWED | | audit | NOT_REVIEWED | | legal | NOT_REVIEWED | | risk | NOT_REVIEWED | | cyber | NOT_REVIEWED | | ai_governance | NOT_REVIEWED | | agent_governance | RESTRICTED | | markets_external | NOT_REVIEWED | | events | PUBLISHED | | relationships | PUBLISHED | | assessments | PUBLISHED | | evidence | PUBLISHED | ## Board - Darryll E. Dewan: Director. Status: current. Independent: false. Since: 2022-01-01. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:leadership_role:5 - Michael Fahy: Director. Status: current. Independent: true. Since: 2024-01-01. Committees: Audit (member); Audit; Compensation (member); Compensation (member). claim_id=alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:leadership_role:6 - Peter Woodward: Director. Status: current. Independent: true. Since: 2012-01-01. Committees: Audit (chair); Audit · Chair; Compensation (member); Compensation (member). claim_id=alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:leadership_role:7 - Richard M. Metzler: Director. Status: current. Independent: true. Since: 2021-01-01. Committees: Audit (member); Audit; Compensation (member); Compensation (member). claim_id=alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:leadership_role:8 - Vivek Mohindra: Director. Status: current. Independent: true. Since: 2025-01-01. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:leadership_role:9 ## Committees - Audit (audit). Chair: Peter Woodward. Members: Peter Woodward (chair, current); Michael Fahy (member, current); Richard M. Metzler (member, current). committee_id=alpha:committee:tss-inc:audit - Audit · Chair; Compensation (audit). Chair: NOT_PUBLISHED. Members: Peter Woodward (member, current). committee_id=alpha:committee:tss-inc:audit-chair-compensation - Audit; Compensation (audit). Chair: NOT_PUBLISHED. Members: Michael Fahy (member, current); Richard M. Metzler (member, current). committee_id=alpha:committee:tss-inc:audit-compensation - Compensation (compensation). Chair: NOT_PUBLISHED. Members: Michael Fahy (member, current); Peter Woodward (member, current); Richard M. Metzler (member, current). committee_id=alpha:committee:tss-inc:compensation ## Executive leadership - Daniel M. Chism: Chief Financial Officer [CFO]. Status: current. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:leadership_role:10 - Darryll E. Dewan: President, Chief Executive Officer and Director [CEO]. Status: current. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:leadership_role:11 ## Governance events - CFO_CHANGED: Daniel M. Chism executive of TSS, Inc., effective 2026-03-18. Effective: 2026-03-18. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:46:39.768585+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1k62kuovdsvb2 - CEO_CHANGED: Darryll E. Dewan executive of TSS, Inc., effective 2026-03-18. Effective: 2026-03-18. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:46:39.768585+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:fyheffgn84gp - DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Vivek Mohindra seat on TSS, Inc., effective 2025-01-01. Effective: 2025-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:46:39.768585+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:17nmr7ptqwnn5 - DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Michael Fahy seat on TSS, Inc., effective 2024-01-01. Effective: 2024-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:46:39.768585+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1wn82c91g76iz7 - COMMITTEE_CREATED: Audit; Compensation committee of TSS, Inc., effective 2024-01-01. Effective: 2024-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:46:39.768585+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:9xkr5pqo9sar - COMMITTEE_MEMBER_ADDED: Michael Fahy member of Audit; Compensation, effective 2024-01-01. Effective: 2024-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:46:39.768585+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:xzbt7m18km1dk - DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Darryll E. Dewan seat on TSS, Inc., effective 2022-01-01. Effective: 2022-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:46:39.768585+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:ysyeas1fk89s6 - DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Richard M. Metzler seat on TSS, Inc., effective 2021-01-01. Effective: 2021-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:46:39.768585+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:smf2u41uk4dj0 - COMMITTEE_MEMBER_ADDED: Richard M. Metzler member of Audit; Compensation, effective 2021-01-01. Effective: 2021-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:46:39.768585+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:13qbaj9m2lfkj - DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Peter Woodward seat on TSS, Inc., effective 2012-01-01. Effective: 2012-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:46:39.768585+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:ensgqt1bxedkn - COMMITTEE_CREATED: Audit · Chair; Compensation committee of TSS, Inc., effective 2012-01-01. Effective: 2012-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:46:39.768585+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1cyqhm51nbbdxr - COMMITTEE_MEMBER_ADDED: Peter Woodward member of Audit · Chair; Compensation, effective 2012-01-01. Effective: 2012-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:46:39.768585+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1s6cugy1ncydi8 ## Scoped resources - `alpha://company/tss-inc` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record - `alpha://company/tss-inc/identity` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=identity - `alpha://company/tss-inc/corporate-structure` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=corporate-structure - `alpha://company/tss-inc/board` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=board - `alpha://company/tss-inc/committees` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=committees - `alpha://company/tss-inc/leadership` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=leadership - `alpha://company/tss-inc/ownership` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=ownership - `alpha://company/tss-inc/financials` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=financials - `alpha://company/tss-inc/capital-structure` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=capital-structure - `alpha://company/tss-inc/compensation` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=compensation - `alpha://company/tss-inc/governance` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=governance - `alpha://company/tss-inc/shareholder-governance` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=shareholder-governance - `alpha://company/tss-inc/audit` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=audit - `alpha://company/tss-inc/legal` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=legal - `alpha://company/tss-inc/risk` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=risk - `alpha://company/tss-inc/cyber` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=cyber - `alpha://company/tss-inc/ai-governance` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=ai-governance - `alpha://company/tss-inc/agents` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=agents - `alpha://company/tss-inc/ecosystem` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=ecosystem - `alpha://company/tss-inc/events` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=events - `alpha://company/tss-inc/relationships` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=relationships - `alpha://company/tss-inc/assessments` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=assessments - `alpha://company/tss-inc/evidence` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record§ion=evidence ## Role modules - NOT_ASSERTED ## Attention - NO_RECORDS_FOUND ## Committee data - Claim alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:committee_appointment:13: `{"kind":"committee_appointment","original_name":"Audit","category":"audit","role":"chair","person":{"alpha_id":"alpha:person:peter-h-woodward","name":"Peter Woodward"},"source_id":"board_seats"}` - Claim alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:committee_appointment:14: `{"kind":"committee_appointment","original_name":"Audit","category":"audit","role":"member","person":{"alpha_id":"alpha:person:michael-fahy","name":"Michael Fahy"},"source_id":"board_seats"}` - Claim alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:committee_appointment:15: `{"kind":"committee_appointment","original_name":"Audit","category":"audit","role":"member","person":{"alpha_id":"alpha:person:richard-m-metzler","name":"Richard M. Metzler"},"source_id":"board_seats"}` - Claim alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:committee_appointment:17: `{"kind":"committee_appointment","original_name":"Compensation","category":"compensation","role":"member","person":{"alpha_id":"alpha:person:michael-fahy","name":"Michael Fahy"},"source_id":"board_seats"}` - Claim alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:committee_appointment:18: `{"kind":"committee_appointment","original_name":"Compensation","category":"compensation","role":"member","person":{"alpha_id":"alpha:person:peter-h-woodward","name":"Peter Woodward"},"source_id":"board_seats"}` - Claim alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:committee_appointment:19: `{"kind":"committee_appointment","original_name":"Compensation","category":"compensation","role":"member","person":{"alpha_id":"alpha:person:richard-m-metzler","name":"Richard M. Metzler"},"source_id":"board_seats"}` ## Leadership - Darryll E. Dewan: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:leadership_role:5. Valid from: 2022-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:492e6b68814f0be2f6ba99be1d0bccb279998490cd2c648d45c881140ce7698c. - Michael Fahy: Director, Audit; Compensation. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:leadership_role:6. Valid from: 2024-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:492e6b68814f0be2f6ba99be1d0bccb279998490cd2c648d45c881140ce7698c. - Peter Woodward: Director, Audit · Chair; Compensation. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:leadership_role:7. Valid from: 2012-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:492e6b68814f0be2f6ba99be1d0bccb279998490cd2c648d45c881140ce7698c. - Richard M. Metzler: Director, Audit; Compensation. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:leadership_role:8. Valid from: 2021-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:492e6b68814f0be2f6ba99be1d0bccb279998490cd2c648d45c881140ce7698c. - Vivek Mohindra: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:leadership_role:9. Valid from: 2025-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:492e6b68814f0be2f6ba99be1d0bccb279998490cd2c648d45c881140ce7698c. - Daniel M. Chism: Chief Financial Officer. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:leadership_role:10. Valid from: 2026-03-18. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:18583573234e086b3455b90df4f564dc17d81d64f2728f448bed2090a1d615b7. - Darryll E. Dewan: President, Chief Executive Officer and Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:leadership_role:11. Valid from: 2026-03-18. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:28fc0be6ab014f9b95755606f49713d153753f1c1c7d14c431c38b613e5eaa4a. ## Roles - PUBLISHED ## Governance - NOT_ASSERTED ## Board committees - Audit: Chair Peter Woodward; Members Peter Woodward (Chair); Michael Fahy; Richard M. Metzler. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:committee_record:12. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:7f9fa580ebb1331eb8b3e63f9bf6813c5a35975957aca618c832f61b470f80dc. - Compensation: Chair not stated; Members Michael Fahy; Peter Woodward; Richard M. Metzler. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:committee_record:16. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:7f9fa580ebb1331eb8b3e63f9bf6813c5a35975957aca618c832f61b470f80dc. ## Financials - NOT_ASSERTED ## Workforce - NOT_ASSERTED ## Market and index context - PUBLISHED ## Legal Name - TSS, Inc.. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:legal_name:1. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:bfd80dc875b19a8df015c723ec8bd35a67927ce64e58cb178df55da5cb4f2450. ## Entity Status - Public listing published. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:entity_status:3. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:bfd80dc875b19a8df015c723ec8bd35a67927ce64e58cb178df55da5cb4f2450. ## Published Fact - US. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:published_fact:4. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:bfd80dc875b19a8df015c723ec8bd35a67927ce64e58cb178df55da5cb4f2450. ## Committee Appointment - Peter Woodward: chair, Audit. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:committee_appointment:13. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:7f9fa580ebb1331eb8b3e63f9bf6813c5a35975957aca618c832f61b470f80dc. - Michael Fahy: member, Audit. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:committee_appointment:14. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:7f9fa580ebb1331eb8b3e63f9bf6813c5a35975957aca618c832f61b470f80dc. - Richard M. Metzler: member, Audit. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:committee_appointment:15. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:7f9fa580ebb1331eb8b3e63f9bf6813c5a35975957aca618c832f61b470f80dc. - Michael Fahy: member, Compensation. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:committee_appointment:17. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:7f9fa580ebb1331eb8b3e63f9bf6813c5a35975957aca618c832f61b470f80dc. - Peter Woodward: member, Compensation. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:committee_appointment:18. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:7f9fa580ebb1331eb8b3e63f9bf6813c5a35975957aca618c832f61b470f80dc. - Richard M. Metzler: member, Compensation. Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:committee_appointment:19. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:7f9fa580ebb1331eb8b3e63f9bf6813c5a35975957aca618c832f61b470f80dc. ## Security Listing - TSSI (NASDAQ). Claim: alpha:claim:company:1643bc44-36d5-4cb2-9980-89ce4bd93ff7:security_listing:20. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:bfd80dc875b19a8df015c723ec8bd35a67927ce64e58cb178df55da5cb4f2450. ## Coverage states | Field | Value | | --- | --- | | Identity | PUBLISHED | | Business | PUBLISHED | | Leadership | PUBLISHED | | Board and committees | PUBLISHED | | Governance | NOT_ASSERTED | | Financials | NOT_ASSERTED | | Workforce | NOT_ASSERTED | | Ownership | NOT_ASSERTED | | Ratings | NOT_PUBLISHED | | Market and index context | PUBLISHED | ## Public sources - alpha:projection-evidence:bfd80dc875b19a8df015c723ec8bd35a67927ce64e58cb178df55da5cb4f2450: [Alpha canonical company public projection](https://www.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc). - alpha:projection-evidence:document:492e6b68814f0be2f6ba99be1d0bccb279998490cd2c648d45c881140ce7698c: [TSS, Inc. DEF 14A 2026-04-23](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1320760/000114036126016374/ny20068614x1_def14a.htm). - alpha:projection-evidence:document:18583573234e086b3455b90df4f564dc17d81d64f2728f448bed2090a1d615b7: [TSSI 10-K executive officers](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1320760/000165495426002342/tssi_10k.htm). - alpha:projection-evidence:document:28fc0be6ab014f9b95755606f49713d153753f1c1c7d14c431c38b613e5eaa4a: [TSSI 10-K executive officers](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1320760/000165495426002342/tssi_10k.htm). - alpha:projection-evidence:7f9fa580ebb1331eb8b3e63f9bf6813c5a35975957aca618c832f61b470f80dc: [Audit](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1320760/000114036126016374/ny20068614x1_def14a.htm). ## Rights | Field | Value | | --- | --- | | public_retrieval | allowed | | agent_retrieval | allowed | | redistribution | not_granted | | model_training | not_granted | | commercial_use | not_specified | | relationship_pathfinding | not_granted | | direct_contact | not_granted | ## Limitations - Absence of a leadership role, committee, or disclosure is not evidence that it does not exist. - Only explicitly published canonical company identity and current confirmed public roles are included. - Absence of a board, committee, executive, listing, or claim is not evidence that it does not exist. - Public retrieval does not grant redistribution, model-training, direct-contact, or relationship-pathfinding rights. - This Company Profile is an identity and evidence record, not an Alpha rating. ## Alternate representations - [Canonical profile](https://registry.alpha.ac/companies/tss-inc) - [Public Markdown](https://registry.alpha.ac/companies/tss-inc.md) - [Public JSON](https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=record) - [JSON-LD](https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/tss-inc?format=jsonld) - MCP resource: `alpha://companies/tss-inc` at https://mcp.alpha.ac/mcp ## Connected governance records Only explicitly published, rights-cleared records. Missing records do not establish absence, safety, or complete coverage. ## Critical-risk oversight Snapshot as of 2026-10-17T18:13:03.055514+00:00; recorded 2026-10-17T18:13:03.055514+00:00. Every published assignment for this snapshot is listed. Only explicitly reviewed, rights-cleared assignments in effect on the as-of date, in the company's own wording. An assignment shows where oversight is placed, not whether it is effective. Missing records do not establish absence.