# Passage BIO, Inc.

> Alpha governed public record. Unknown, unavailable, and unpublished values are never inferred as zero.

## Record

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Representation | alpha-profile-markdown-v4 |
| Protocol | Alpha Governance Facts Protocol 0.1 |
| Schema | alpha.governance.entity.public.v1 |
| Record version | public-1:d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce:ro-d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce |
| Governance record representation | alpha-governance-record-v2 |
| Canonical entity | alpha:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1 |
| Entity type | Company |
| Canonical URL | https://registry.alpha.ac/companies/passage-bio-inc |
| Publication | PUBLISHED |
| Verification | source_reported |
| Verification schema | alpha-verification-states-v1 |
| Ownership | unclaimed |
| Published claims | 17 |
| Claims under review | 1 |
| Evidence records | 6 |
| Conflicts | 0 |
| Conflicts in internal review | 0 |
| Observed | 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00 |
| Last reviewed | 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00 |

## Identity

- Legal name: Passage BIO, Inc.
- Display name: Passage BIO, Inc.

## Alpha Governance Record

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Governance Record schema | alpha-governance-record-v2 |
| Ontology | alpha-governance-ontology-v1 |
| Record version | public-1:d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce:ro-d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce |
| As of | 2026-10-17T08:03:47.349163+00:00 |
| Completeness | 0.409 |
| Record Quality | 0.844 |
| Directors | 7 |
| Committees | 2 |
| Governance events | 13 |
| Entity class | public_company |

## Section coverage

| Section | State |
| --- | --- |
| identity | PUBLISHED |
| corporate_structure | NOT_REVIEWED |
| board | PUBLISHED |
| committees | PUBLISHED |
| leadership | PUBLISHED |
| ownership | NOT_REVIEWED |
| financials | NOT_REVIEWED |
| capital_structure | PUBLISHED |
| compensation | NOT_REVIEWED |
| governance | NOT_REVIEWED |
| shareholder_governance | NOT_REVIEWED |
| audit | NOT_REVIEWED |
| legal | NOT_REVIEWED |
| risk | NOT_REVIEWED |
| cyber | NOT_REVIEWED |
| ai_governance | NOT_REVIEWED |
| agent_governance | RESTRICTED |
| markets_external | NOT_REVIEWED |
| events | PUBLISHED |
| relationships | PUBLISHED |
| assessments | PUBLISHED |
| evidence | PUBLISHED |

## Board

- Athena Countouriotis, M.D.: Director. Status: current. Independent: true. Since: 2020-01-01. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:5
- Derrell Porter, M.D.: Director. Status: current. Independent: true. Since: 2021-01-01. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:6
- Dolan Sondhi, Ph.D.: Director. Status: current. Independent: true. Since: 2023-01-01. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:7
- Maxine Gowen, Ph.D.: Director. Status: current. Independent: true. Since: 2021-01-01. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:8
- Sandip Kapadia: Director. Status: current. Independent: true. Since: 2020-01-01. Committees: Audit (chair); Audit · Chair (member). claim_id=alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:9
- Thomas Kassberg: Director. Status: current. Independent: true. Since: 2024-01-01. Committees: Audit (member). claim_id=alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:10
- William Chou, M.D.: Director. Status: current. Independent: false. Since: 2022-01-01. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:11

## Committees

- Audit (audit). Chair: Sandip Kapadia. Members: Sandip Kapadia (chair, current); Thomas Kassberg (member, current). committee_id=alpha:committee:passage-bio-inc:audit
- Audit · Chair (audit). Chair: NOT_PUBLISHED. Members: Sandip Kapadia (member, current). committee_id=alpha:committee:passage-bio-inc:audit-chair

## Executive leadership

- Edgar B. (Chip) Cale: General Counsel and Corporate Secretary [GC]. Status: current. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:12
- Kathleen Borthwick: Chief Financial Officer [CFO]. Status: current. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:13
- William Chou, M.D.: President, Chief Executive Officer and Director [CEO]. Status: current. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:14

## Governance events

- GC_CHANGED: Edgar B. (Chip) Cale executive of Passage BIO, Inc., effective 2026-04-07. Effective: 2026-04-07. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:vj5pnb1r6l1r7
- CFO_CHANGED: Kathleen Borthwick executive of Passage BIO, Inc., effective 2026-04-07. Effective: 2026-04-07. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:e7ti001sg3gne
- CEO_CHANGED: William Chou, M.D. executive of Passage BIO, Inc., effective 2026-04-07. Effective: 2026-04-07. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:10j3yl81djw3ts
- DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Thomas Kassberg seat on Passage BIO, Inc., effective 2024-01-01. Effective: 2024-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1w3pemr1cjsafv
- COMMITTEE_MEMBER_ADDED: Thomas Kassberg member of Audit, effective 2024-01-01. Effective: 2024-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1244zcp1qrydrr
- DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Dolan Sondhi, Ph.D. seat on Passage BIO, Inc., effective 2023-01-01. Effective: 2023-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1p04bgagqh1cy
- DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: William Chou, M.D. seat on Passage BIO, Inc., effective 2022-01-01. Effective: 2022-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1ogotoslfjm64
- DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Derrell Porter, M.D. seat on Passage BIO, Inc., effective 2021-01-01. Effective: 2021-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1gy3ff51pikc4x
- DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Maxine Gowen, Ph.D. seat on Passage BIO, Inc., effective 2021-01-01. Effective: 2021-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:jwc3m3dq4xjr
- DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Athena Countouriotis, M.D. seat on Passage BIO, Inc., effective 2020-01-01. Effective: 2020-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:9nb3ah1u8vefj
- DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Sandip Kapadia seat on Passage BIO, Inc., effective 2020-01-01. Effective: 2020-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1d3kegx5mh5cz
- COMMITTEE_CREATED: Audit · Chair committee of Passage BIO, Inc., effective 2020-01-01. Effective: 2020-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:notub71kaknhr
- COMMITTEE_MEMBER_ADDED: Sandip Kapadia member of Audit · Chair, effective 2020-01-01. Effective: 2020-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:47:15.429264+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1vea0qdvpyf0b

## Scoped resources

- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/identity` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=identity
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/corporate-structure` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=corporate-structure
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/board` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=board
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/committees` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=committees
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/leadership` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=leadership
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/ownership` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=ownership
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/financials` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=financials
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/capital-structure` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=capital-structure
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/compensation` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=compensation
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/governance` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=governance
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/shareholder-governance` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=shareholder-governance
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/audit` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=audit
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/legal` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=legal
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/risk` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=risk
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/cyber` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=cyber
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/ai-governance` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=ai-governance
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/agents` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=agents
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/ecosystem` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=ecosystem
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/events` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=events
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/relationships` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=relationships
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/assessments` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=assessments
- `alpha://company/passage-bio-inc/evidence` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record&section=evidence

## Role modules

- NOT_ASSERTED

## Attention

- NO_RECORDS_FOUND

## Committee data

- Claim alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:committee_appointment:16: `{"kind":"committee_appointment","original_name":"Audit","category":"audit","role":"chair","person":{"alpha_id":"alpha:person:sandip-kapadia","name":"Sandip Kapadia"},"source_id":"board_seats"}`
- Claim alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:committee_appointment:17: `{"kind":"committee_appointment","original_name":"Audit","category":"audit","role":"member","person":{"alpha_id":"alpha:person:thomas-kassberg","name":"Thomas Kassberg"},"source_id":"board_seats"}`

## Leadership

- Athena Countouriotis, M.D.: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:5. Valid from: 2020-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:97c93aa81253be3e7edf10f19ce1170fd9f8cdb241aeb7ef264ae7e7540129a5.
- Derrell Porter, M.D.: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:6. Valid from: 2021-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:97c93aa81253be3e7edf10f19ce1170fd9f8cdb241aeb7ef264ae7e7540129a5.
- Dolan Sondhi, Ph.D.: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:7. Valid from: 2023-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:97c93aa81253be3e7edf10f19ce1170fd9f8cdb241aeb7ef264ae7e7540129a5.
- Maxine Gowen, Ph.D.: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:8. Valid from: 2021-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:97c93aa81253be3e7edf10f19ce1170fd9f8cdb241aeb7ef264ae7e7540129a5.
- Sandip Kapadia: Director, Audit · Chair. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:9. Valid from: 2020-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:97c93aa81253be3e7edf10f19ce1170fd9f8cdb241aeb7ef264ae7e7540129a5.
- Thomas Kassberg: Director, Audit. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:10. Valid from: 2024-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:97c93aa81253be3e7edf10f19ce1170fd9f8cdb241aeb7ef264ae7e7540129a5.
- William Chou, M.D.: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:11. Valid from: 2022-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:97c93aa81253be3e7edf10f19ce1170fd9f8cdb241aeb7ef264ae7e7540129a5.
- Edgar B. (Chip) Cale: General Counsel and Corporate Secretary. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:12. Valid from: 2026-04-07. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:999bc16bc0f54af299b06a3cc2c971142f497e9978ac57b7cb61ba7f0813d3c7.
- Kathleen Borthwick: Chief Financial Officer. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:13. Valid from: 2026-04-07. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:bc19f023c46cbcaf4a488927df259448f098e7ab283fc1f95164df963ffba207.
- William Chou, M.D.: President, Chief Executive Officer and Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:leadership_role:14. Valid from: 2026-04-07. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:e06472d70339185ab0437884d877cadf4be7df9a67131957152e84129c8ab1a5.

## Roles

- PUBLISHED

## Governance

- NOT_ASSERTED

## Board committees

- Audit: Chair Sandip Kapadia; Members Sandip Kapadia (Chair); Thomas Kassberg. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:committee_record:15. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:8298f9ad330714564ef585a61eb15b34bee6a74ed2a1b5005a4748366f12534e.

## Financials

- NOT_ASSERTED

## Workforce

- NOT_ASSERTED

## Market and index context

- PUBLISHED

## Legal Name

- Passage BIO, Inc.. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:legal_name:1. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:3f62ccae919e5eff231643b3f79cbce2caeb279edc6a6af3ba880127c50a95f1.

## Entity Status

- Public listing published. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:entity_status:3. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:3f62ccae919e5eff231643b3f79cbce2caeb279edc6a6af3ba880127c50a95f1.

## Published Fact

- US. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:published_fact:4. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:3f62ccae919e5eff231643b3f79cbce2caeb279edc6a6af3ba880127c50a95f1.

## Committee Appointment

- Sandip Kapadia: chair, Audit. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:committee_appointment:16. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:8298f9ad330714564ef585a61eb15b34bee6a74ed2a1b5005a4748366f12534e.
- Thomas Kassberg: member, Audit. Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:committee_appointment:17. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:8298f9ad330714564ef585a61eb15b34bee6a74ed2a1b5005a4748366f12534e.

## Security Listing

- PASG (NASDAQ). Claim: alpha:claim:company:7fe3b94c-ba7e-4fb0-b4a3-b17b4f265ed1:security_listing:18. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:3f62ccae919e5eff231643b3f79cbce2caeb279edc6a6af3ba880127c50a95f1.

## Coverage states

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Identity | PUBLISHED |
| Business | PUBLISHED |
| Leadership | PUBLISHED |
| Board and committees | PUBLISHED |
| Governance | NOT_ASSERTED |
| Financials | NOT_ASSERTED |
| Workforce | NOT_ASSERTED |
| Ownership | NOT_ASSERTED |
| Ratings | NOT_PUBLISHED |
| Market and index context | PUBLISHED |

## Public sources

- alpha:projection-evidence:3f62ccae919e5eff231643b3f79cbce2caeb279edc6a6af3ba880127c50a95f1: [Alpha canonical company public projection](https://www.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc).
- alpha:projection-evidence:document:97c93aa81253be3e7edf10f19ce1170fd9f8cdb241aeb7ef264ae7e7540129a5: [Passage BIO, Inc. DEF 14A 2026-04-07](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1787297/000110465926040130/pasg-20260519xdef14a.htm).
- alpha:projection-evidence:document:999bc16bc0f54af299b06a3cc2c971142f497e9978ac57b7cb61ba7f0813d3c7: [PASG DEF 14A executive officers](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1787297/000110465926040130/pasg-20260519xdef14a.htm).
- alpha:projection-evidence:document:bc19f023c46cbcaf4a488927df259448f098e7ab283fc1f95164df963ffba207: [PASG DEF 14A executive officers](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1787297/000110465926040130/pasg-20260519xdef14a.htm).
- alpha:projection-evidence:document:e06472d70339185ab0437884d877cadf4be7df9a67131957152e84129c8ab1a5: [PASG DEF 14A executive officers](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1787297/000110465926040130/pasg-20260519xdef14a.htm).
- alpha:projection-evidence:8298f9ad330714564ef585a61eb15b34bee6a74ed2a1b5005a4748366f12534e: [Audit](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1787297/000110465926040130/pasg-20260519xdef14a.htm).

## Rights

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| public_retrieval | allowed |
| agent_retrieval | allowed |
| redistribution | not_granted |
| model_training | not_granted |
| commercial_use | not_specified |
| relationship_pathfinding | not_granted |
| direct_contact | not_granted |

## Limitations

- Absence of a leadership role, committee, or disclosure is not evidence that it does not exist.
- Only explicitly published canonical company identity and current confirmed public roles are included.
- Absence of a board, committee, executive, listing, or claim is not evidence that it does not exist.
- Public retrieval does not grant redistribution, model-training, direct-contact, or relationship-pathfinding rights.
- This Company Profile is an identity and evidence record, not an Alpha rating.

## Alternate representations

- [Canonical profile](https://registry.alpha.ac/companies/passage-bio-inc)
- [Public Markdown](https://registry.alpha.ac/companies/passage-bio-inc.md)
- [Public JSON](https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=record)
- [JSON-LD](https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/passage-bio-inc?format=jsonld)
- MCP resource: `alpha://companies/passage-bio-inc` at https://mcp.alpha.ac/mcp


## Connected governance records

Only explicitly published, rights-cleared records. Missing records do not establish absence, safety, or complete coverage.

## Critical-risk oversight

Snapshot as of 2026-10-17T08:03:47.144709+00:00; recorded 2026-10-17T08:03:47.144709+00:00. Every published assignment for this snapshot is listed.
Only explicitly reviewed, rights-cleared assignments in effect on the as-of date, in the company's own wording.
An assignment shows where oversight is placed, not whether it is effective. Missing records do not establish absence.