# BELDEN INC. > Alpha governed public record. Unknown, unavailable, and unpublished values are never inferred as zero. ## Record | Field | Value | | --- | --- | | Representation | alpha-profile-markdown-v4 | | Protocol | Alpha Governance Facts Protocol 0.1 | | Schema | alpha.governance.entity.public.v1 | | Record version | public-1:d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce:ro-d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce | | Governance record representation | alpha-governance-record-v2 | | Canonical entity | alpha:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6 | | Entity type | Company | | Canonical URL | https://registry.alpha.ac/companies/belden-inc | | Publication | PUBLISHED | | Verification | source_reported | | Verification schema | alpha-verification-states-v1 | | Ownership | unclaimed | | Published claims | 22 | | Claims under review | 1 | | Evidence records | 6 | | Conflicts | 0 | | Conflicts in internal review | 0 | | Observed | 2026-10-17T04:45:45.751176+00:00 | | Last reviewed | 2026-10-17T04:45:45.751176+00:00 | ## Identity - Legal name: BELDEN INC. - Display name: BELDEN INC. ## Alpha Governance Record | Field | Value | | --- | --- | | Governance Record schema | alpha-governance-record-v2 | | Ontology | alpha-governance-ontology-v1 | | Record version | public-1:d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce:ro-d751713988987e9331980363e24189ce | | As of | 2026-10-17T17:02:52.547558+00:00 | | Completeness | 0.409 | | Record Quality | 0.827 | | Directors | 10 | | Committees | 1 | | Governance events | 7 | | Entity class | public_company | ## Section coverage | Section | State | | --- | --- | | identity | PUBLISHED | | corporate_structure | NOT_REVIEWED | | board | PUBLISHED | | committees | PUBLISHED | | leadership | PUBLISHED | | ownership | NOT_REVIEWED | | financials | NOT_REVIEWED | | capital_structure | PUBLISHED | | compensation | NOT_REVIEWED | | governance | NOT_REVIEWED | | shareholder_governance | NOT_REVIEWED | | audit | NOT_REVIEWED | | legal | NOT_REVIEWED | | risk | NOT_REVIEWED | | cyber | NOT_REVIEWED | | ai_governance | NOT_REVIEWED | | agent_governance | RESTRICTED | | markets_external | NOT_REVIEWED | | events | PUBLISHED | | relationships | PUBLISHED | | assessments | PUBLISHED | | evidence | PUBLISHED | ## Board - Adel B. Al-Saleh: Director. Status: current. Independent: NOT_PUBLISHED. Since: 2007-01-01. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:6 - Diane D. Brink: Director. Status: current. Independent: NOT_PUBLISHED. Since: 2000-01-01. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:8 - Jonathan C. Klein: Director. Status: current. Independent: NOT_PUBLISHED. Since: 2023-01-01. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:10 - Nancy Calderon: Director. Status: current. Independent: NOT_PUBLISHED. Since: 2008-01-01. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:13 - Ashish Chand: President, Chief Executive Officer and Director. Status: unknown. Independent: false. Since: NOT_PUBLISHED. Committees: Chief Executive Officer and Director (member). claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:7 - David J. Aldrich: Chairman of the Board. Status: unknown. Independent: true. Since: NOT_PUBLISHED. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:5 - Gregory McCray: Director. Status: unknown. Independent: true. Since: NOT_PUBLISHED. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:9 - Judy L. Brown: Director. Status: unknown. Independent: true. Since: NOT_PUBLISHED. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:11 - Lance C. Balk: Director. Status: unknown. Independent: true. Since: NOT_PUBLISHED. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:12 - YY Lee: Director. Status: unknown. Independent: true. Since: NOT_PUBLISHED. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:14 ## Committees - Chief Executive Officer and Director (executive). Chair: NOT_PUBLISHED. Members: Ashish Chand (member, unknown). committee_id=alpha:committee:belden-inc:chief-executive-officer-and-director ## Executive leadership - Brad Dineley: Executive Vice President and Chief Digital and Operations Officer. Status: current. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:16 - Doug Zink: Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer [CAO]. Status: current. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:19 - Leah Tate: Executive Vice President and Chief People and Strategy Officer. Status: current. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:22 - Ashish Chand: President and Chief Executive Officer [CEO]. Status: unknown. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:15 - Brian Anderson: Senior Vice President - Legal, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary [GC]. Status: unknown. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:17 - Brian Lieser: Executive Vice President, Automation Solutions. Status: unknown. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:18 - Hiran Bhadra: Senior Vice President, Strategy and Technology. Status: unknown. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:20 - Jeremy Parks: Senior Vice President - Finance and Chief Financial Officer [CFO]. Status: unknown. claim_id=alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:21 ## Governance events - EXECUTIVE_APPOINTED: Brad Dineley executive of BELDEN INC., effective 2026-02-17. Effective: 2026-02-17. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:45:45.751176+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:kech7zrp53d9 - EXECUTIVE_APPOINTED: Doug Zink executive of BELDEN INC., effective 2026-02-17. Effective: 2026-02-17. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:45:45.751176+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:ffsk0ydmv3tu - EXECUTIVE_APPOINTED: Leah Tate executive of BELDEN INC., effective 2026-02-17. Effective: 2026-02-17. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:45:45.751176+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:n4qer1l40tdf - DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Jonathan C. Klein seat on BELDEN INC., effective 2023-01-01. Effective: 2023-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:45:45.751176+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:14aomp813btkxu - DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Nancy Calderon seat on BELDEN INC., effective 2008-01-01. Effective: 2008-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:45:45.751176+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:v06fqosq4cs - DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Adel B. Al-Saleh seat on BELDEN INC., effective 2007-01-01. Effective: 2007-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:45:45.751176+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1muht191jpa0oz - DIRECTOR_APPOINTED: Diane D. Brink seat on BELDEN INC., effective 2000-01-01. Effective: 2000-01-01. Detected: 2026-10-17T04:45:45.751176+00:00. event_id=alpha:event:transition:1glh3g6xtk86 ## Scoped resources - `alpha://company/belden-inc` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record - `alpha://company/belden-inc/identity` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=identity - `alpha://company/belden-inc/corporate-structure` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=corporate-structure - `alpha://company/belden-inc/board` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=board - `alpha://company/belden-inc/committees` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=committees - `alpha://company/belden-inc/leadership` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=leadership - `alpha://company/belden-inc/ownership` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=ownership - `alpha://company/belden-inc/financials` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=financials - `alpha://company/belden-inc/capital-structure` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=capital-structure - `alpha://company/belden-inc/compensation` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=compensation - `alpha://company/belden-inc/governance` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=governance - `alpha://company/belden-inc/shareholder-governance` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=shareholder-governance - `alpha://company/belden-inc/audit` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=audit - `alpha://company/belden-inc/legal` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=legal - `alpha://company/belden-inc/risk` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=risk - `alpha://company/belden-inc/cyber` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=cyber - `alpha://company/belden-inc/ai-governance` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=ai-governance - `alpha://company/belden-inc/agents` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=agents - `alpha://company/belden-inc/ecosystem` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=ecosystem - `alpha://company/belden-inc/events` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=events - `alpha://company/belden-inc/relationships` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=relationships - `alpha://company/belden-inc/assessments` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=assessments - `alpha://company/belden-inc/evidence` (contract): https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record§ion=evidence ## Role modules - NOT_ASSERTED ## Attention - NO_RECORDS_FOUND ## Committee data - NO_RECORDS_FOUND ## Leadership - David J. Aldrich: Chairman of the Board. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:5. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:1e694e1736794a8d2faf9ff7d651996b5aeb47911285624f6161d494a1dc818b. - Adel B. Al-Saleh: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:6. Valid from: 2007-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:bf10909cde9217b37923101d468a9603c4a416228a3bfc95bb8f85d5ba7fc27a. - Ashish Chand: President, Chief Executive Officer and Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:7. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:1e694e1736794a8d2faf9ff7d651996b5aeb47911285624f6161d494a1dc818b. - Diane D. Brink: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:8. Valid from: 2000-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:bf10909cde9217b37923101d468a9603c4a416228a3bfc95bb8f85d5ba7fc27a. - Gregory McCray: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:9. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:1e694e1736794a8d2faf9ff7d651996b5aeb47911285624f6161d494a1dc818b. - Jonathan C. Klein: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:10. Valid from: 2023-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:bf10909cde9217b37923101d468a9603c4a416228a3bfc95bb8f85d5ba7fc27a. - Judy L. Brown: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:11. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:1e694e1736794a8d2faf9ff7d651996b5aeb47911285624f6161d494a1dc818b. - Lance C. Balk: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:12. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:1e694e1736794a8d2faf9ff7d651996b5aeb47911285624f6161d494a1dc818b. - Nancy Calderon: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:13. Valid from: 2008-01-01. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:bf10909cde9217b37923101d468a9603c4a416228a3bfc95bb8f85d5ba7fc27a. - YY Lee: Director. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:14. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:1e694e1736794a8d2faf9ff7d651996b5aeb47911285624f6161d494a1dc818b. - Ashish Chand: President and Chief Executive Officer. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:15. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:1e694e1736794a8d2faf9ff7d651996b5aeb47911285624f6161d494a1dc818b. - Brad Dineley: Executive Vice President and Chief Digital and Operations Officer. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:16. Valid from: 2026-02-17. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:6f833142fd2ed0b377548d1f6f052e5b3c0519be06ae4f1fb3198ed016cfb832. - Brian Anderson: Senior Vice President - Legal, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:17. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:1e694e1736794a8d2faf9ff7d651996b5aeb47911285624f6161d494a1dc818b. - Brian Lieser: Executive Vice President, Automation Solutions. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:18. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:1e694e1736794a8d2faf9ff7d651996b5aeb47911285624f6161d494a1dc818b. - Doug Zink: Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:19. Valid from: 2026-02-17. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:1a93b982993cdd7720fbbe282c3320b583b8ef8990e8b895a879f4ad9e4dce07. - Hiran Bhadra: Senior Vice President, Strategy and Technology. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:20. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:1e694e1736794a8d2faf9ff7d651996b5aeb47911285624f6161d494a1dc818b. - Jeremy Parks: Senior Vice President - Finance and Chief Financial Officer. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:21. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:1e694e1736794a8d2faf9ff7d651996b5aeb47911285624f6161d494a1dc818b. - Leah Tate: Executive Vice President and Chief People and Strategy Officer. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:leadership_role:22. Valid from: 2026-02-17. Valid to: NOT_ASSERTED. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:document:75126f8d78deb78918208864b49fc7ca7a83aef2c1f556b03f77bda044d0ccb5. ## Roles - PUBLISHED ## Governance - NOT_ASSERTED ## Board committees - PUBLISHED ## Financials - NOT_ASSERTED ## Workforce - NOT_ASSERTED ## Market and index context - PUBLISHED ## Legal Name - BELDEN INC.. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:legal_name:1. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:a91de743976780d90bb3879dfd2b3d5ef32585754928d93ce359d6162dc1ccc8. ## Entity Status - Public listing published. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:entity_status:3. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:a91de743976780d90bb3879dfd2b3d5ef32585754928d93ce359d6162dc1ccc8. ## Published Fact - US. Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:published_fact:4. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:a91de743976780d90bb3879dfd2b3d5ef32585754928d93ce359d6162dc1ccc8. ## Security Listing - BDC (NYSE). Claim: alpha:claim:company:fd70ad61-d7b1-47cb-9ed6-f53146ea99d6:security_listing:23. Publication: PUBLISHED. Verification: source_reported. Assertion: source_reported. Evidence: alpha:projection-evidence:a91de743976780d90bb3879dfd2b3d5ef32585754928d93ce359d6162dc1ccc8. ## Coverage states | Field | Value | | --- | --- | | Identity | PUBLISHED | | Business | PUBLISHED | | Leadership | PUBLISHED | | Board and committees | PUBLISHED | | Governance | NOT_ASSERTED | | Financials | NOT_ASSERTED | | Workforce | NOT_ASSERTED | | Ownership | NOT_ASSERTED | | Ratings | NOT_PUBLISHED | | Market and index context | PUBLISHED | ## Public sources - alpha:projection-evidence:a91de743976780d90bb3879dfd2b3d5ef32585754928d93ce359d6162dc1ccc8: [Alpha canonical company public projection](https://www.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc). - alpha:projection-evidence:document:1e694e1736794a8d2faf9ff7d651996b5aeb47911285624f6161d494a1dc818b: [SEC DEF 14A 0000913142-26-000011](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913142/000091314226000011/bdc-20260409.htm). - alpha:projection-evidence:document:bf10909cde9217b37923101d468a9603c4a416228a3bfc95bb8f85d5ba7fc27a: [DEF 14A bdc-20260409.htm](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913142/000091314226000011/bdc-20260409.htm). - alpha:projection-evidence:document:6f833142fd2ed0b377548d1f6f052e5b3c0519be06ae4f1fb3198ed016cfb832: [BDC 10-K executive officers](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913142/000091314226000009/bdc-20251231.htm). - alpha:projection-evidence:document:1a93b982993cdd7720fbbe282c3320b583b8ef8990e8b895a879f4ad9e4dce07: [BDC 10-K executive officers](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913142/000091314226000009/bdc-20251231.htm). - alpha:projection-evidence:document:75126f8d78deb78918208864b49fc7ca7a83aef2c1f556b03f77bda044d0ccb5: [BDC 10-K executive officers](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913142/000091314226000009/bdc-20251231.htm). ## Rights | Field | Value | | --- | --- | | public_retrieval | allowed | | agent_retrieval | allowed | | redistribution | not_granted | | model_training | not_granted | | commercial_use | not_specified | | relationship_pathfinding | not_granted | | direct_contact | not_granted | ## Limitations - Absence of a leadership role, committee, or disclosure is not evidence that it does not exist. - Only explicitly published canonical company identity and current confirmed public roles are included. - Absence of a board, committee, executive, listing, or claim is not evidence that it does not exist. - Public retrieval does not grant redistribution, model-training, direct-contact, or relationship-pathfinding rights. - This Company Profile is an identity and evidence record, not an Alpha rating. ## Alternate representations - [Canonical profile](https://registry.alpha.ac/companies/belden-inc) - [Public Markdown](https://registry.alpha.ac/companies/belden-inc.md) - [Public JSON](https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=record) - [JSON-LD](https://registry.alpha.ac/api/public/companies/belden-inc?format=jsonld) - MCP resource: `alpha://companies/belden-inc` at https://mcp.alpha.ac/mcp ## Connected governance records Only explicitly published, rights-cleared records. Missing records do not establish absence, safety, or complete coverage. ## Critical-risk oversight Snapshot as of 2026-10-17T17:02:52.313652+00:00; recorded 2026-10-17T17:02:52.313652+00:00. Every published assignment for this snapshot is listed. Only explicitly reviewed, rights-cleared assignments in effect on the as-of date, in the company's own wording. An assignment shows where oversight is placed, not whether it is effective. Missing records do not establish absence.